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1 pass
1) transp( road) Pass m;one of the highest \passes in Europe einer der höchsten Pässe in Europa;mountain \pass [Gebirgs]pass mthat was a beautiful \pass to the centre forward das war ein gekonnter Pass zum Mittelstürmerthey had seen the aircraft flying low in a \pass over the ski resort sie hatten gesehen, wie das Flugzeug sehr tief über das Skigebiet hinwegflog; by a magician, conjuror [Hand]bewegung f;the magician made some \passes with his hands over her body der Zauberer fuhr mit der Hand mehrmals über ihren Körperto achieve grade A \passes sehr gute Noten bekommen;to get/obtain a \pass in an exam eine Prüfung bestehen;in those courses they don't grade students - they just get a \pass or fail in diesen Kursen bekommen die Studenten keine Noten, sie können nur entweder bestehen oder durchfallen;( proof of completion) Bestanden ntonly people with a \pass are allowed to enter the nuclear power station nur Personen mit einem entsprechenden Ausweis dürfen das Kernkraftwerk betreten; for a festival Eintritt m, Eintrittskarte f; for public transport [Wochen-/Monats-/Jahres-]karte f;bus \pass Busfahrkarte f (die über einen bestimmten Zeitraum gültig ist);free \pass Freikarte f;disabled people have a free \pass for the public transport system Behinderte können die öffentlichen Verkehrsmittel kostenlos benutzen;why aren't you at the math class? - I've got a \pass warum bist du nicht im Matheunterricht? - ich hab eine Entschuldigungthis is a \pass - we can't get back into the hotel da haben wir uns ja was Schönes eingebrockt - wir können nicht ins Hotel zurück ( fam)to come to a pretty \pass ziemlich übel [für jdn] aussehen ( fam)it's come to a pretty \pass when you can't even have a few quiet drinks with friends wenn man nicht mal mehr in aller Ruhe mit seinen Freunden ein paar Gläschen trinken kann, dann stimmt was nicht ( fam)to reach a \pass außer Kontrolle geraten, ausufern vt1) ( go past)to \pass sb/ sth an jdm/etw vorbeikommen;if you \pass a supermarket, can you get me some milk? würdest du mir Milch mitbringen, wenn du beim Supermarkt vorbeikommst?2) ( exceed)it \passes all belief that he could have been so selfish es ist doch wirklich nicht zu fassen, dass er dermaßen selbstsüchtig sein konnte;to \pass a closing date/ sell-by date verfallen;don't buy goods which have \passed their sell-by date kauf keine Waren, deren Verfallsdatum bereits abgelaufen ist;to \pass a limit eine Grenze überschreiten;to \pass the time limit das Zeitlimit überschreiten;I'm sorry, you've \passed the time limit es tut mir leid, aber Sie haben überzogen3) ( hand to)to \pass sth to sb jdm etw [herüber]reichen;( bequeath to) jdm etw vererben;could you \pass the salt please? könnten Sie mir bitte mal das Salz [herüber]reichen?;I asked if I could see the letter, so she \passed it to me reluctantly ich fragte, ob ich den Brief mal sehen könnte, also gab sie ihn mir widerwillig;the deceased's estate was \passed to his distant relatives der Besitz des Verstorbenen fiel an seine entfernten Verwandten;Gerald \passed the note to me Gerald gab mir die Notiz;to \pass the hat [around] ( fig) den Hut herumgehen lassen;( transfer to)to be \passed to sb auf jdn übergehen;the responsibility was gradually \passed to the British government die Verantwortung wurde nach und nach der britischen Regierung übertragen4) ( put into circulation)to \pass money Geld in Umlauf bringen;I saw someone get caught trying to \pass forged five pound notes in the supermarket ich sah, wie jemand dabei erwischt wurde, als er versuchte im Supermarkt mit gefälschten Fünfpfundnoten zu bezahlen;I haven't trusted him since he \passed me a forged fiver ich trau ihm einfach nicht mehr, seit er versucht hat, mir einen gefälschten Fünfer anzudrehen ( fam)5) fball, sportsto \pass the ball to sb jdm den Ball zuspielen;the crowd were shouting at the player to \pass the basketball die Zuschauermenge schrie dem Basketballspieler zu, er solle den Ball abgeben;to \pass the baton to sb den Stab an jdn abgeben;the timing of the athletes in a relay race must be perfect to \pass the baton smoothly das Timing beim Staffellauf muss absolut stimmen, damit der Stab sauber übergeben werden kannthe cook \passed the carrots through the mixer der Koch pürierte die Karotten im Mixer;to \pass the water through the filter das Wasser durch den Filter laufen lassento \pass an exam/ a test eine Prüfung/eine Arbeit bestehen;(fig: meet requirements) eine Prüfung bestehen, gut genug sein;she \passed the oral but failed the written exam die mündliche Prüfung hat sie bestanden, aber in der schriftlichen ist sie durchgefallen;why the questions? - am I supposed to \pass some silly imaginary test? warum fragst du mich das? soll das vielleicht so eine Art Prüfung für mich sein?;to \pass muster akzeptabel sein;new teams won't be admitted to the league if their stadiums don't \pass muster neue Mannschaften werden nur dann in die Liga aufgenommen, wenn ihre Stadien auf dem erforderlichen Stand sind8) ( of time)to \pass one's days/ holiday [or (Am) vacation] / time doing sth seine Tage/Ferien/Zeit mit etw dat verbringen;it was a long train journey, but they managed to \pass three hours playing cards es war eine lange Zugfahrt, aber sie haben drei Stunden davon mit Kartenspielen herumgebracht ( fam)to \pass the time sich dat die Zeit vertreiben;I'm not very good at drawing but it helps to \pass the time ich kann zwar nicht sehr gut zeichnen, aber es ist doch ein ganz schöner Zeitvertreib;I just wanted to \pass the time of day with her, but she completely ignored me ich wollte wirklich nur kurz guten Tag sagen und ein wenig mit ihr plaudern, aber sie hat mich völlig links liegen lassento \pass sth etw verabschieden;they are hoping to \pass legislation which will forbid drivers aged under 25 to drink alcohol man hofft darauf, ein Gesetz einzuführen, das Fahrern unter 25 den Genuss von Alkohol verbieten würde;to \pass a bill/ law ein Gesetz verabschieden;to \pass a motion einen Antrag genehmigen;to \pass a resolution eine Resolution verabschieden;the restaurant was serving meat that had not been \passed as fit for human consumption in dem Restaurant wurde Fleisch serviert, das nicht für den Verzehr freigegeben war;he was \passed fit for military service er wurde für wehrdiensttauglich erklärt;the censors \passed the film as suitable for children die Zensurstelle gab den Film für Kinder freito \pass a comment einen Kommentar abgeben, sich akk äußern;to \pass a comment on sb eine Bemerkung über jdn machen;to \pass judgement [on sb/sth] [über jdn/etw] urteilen [o ein Urteil fällen];the jury at the film festival \passed judgement on the films they had seen die Jury gab beim Filmfestival ihr Urteil über die Filme ab, die sie gesehen hatte;to \pass one's opinion seine Meinung sagen;to \pass a remark eine Bemerkung machen;I heard she'd been \passing remarks about me behind my back ich hörte, dass sie hinter meinem Rücken über mich hergezogen war;to \pass sentence [on sb] law das Urteil [über jdn] fällento \pass sth etw ausscheiden;to \pass blood Blut im Stuhl/Urin haben;to \pass faeces Kot ausscheiden;to \pass urine urinieren;to \pass water Wasser lassenPHRASES:to \pass the buck [to sb/sth] (sth]) ( fam) die Verantwortung abschieben, jdm/etw den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben;the government has simply \passed the buck to the local authorities without offering any support die Regierung hat die Verantwortung ganz einfach auf die Kommunen abgewälzt, ohne ihnen irgendeine Unterstützung anzubieten vi1) ( move by) vorbeigehen, vorbeikommen;I was just \passing so I thought I'd drop in for a chat ich bin gerade vorbeigekommen und dachte, ich schau mal kurz auf ein paar Worte rein;we often \passed on the stairs wir sind uns oft im Treppenhaus begegnet;the road will \pass near the village die Straße wird nahe am Dorf vorbeiführen;the marchers \passed by without stopping die Demonstranten zogen vorüber, ohne anzuhalten;not one car \passed while I was there während ich dort war, fuhr nicht ein einziges Auto vorbei;the Queen \passed among the crowd die Königin mischte sich unter die Menge;he \passed nearby our group without even knowing we were there er lief nicht weit von unserer Gruppe entfernt vorbei, völlig ohne mitzukriegen, dass wir da waren;you'll have to \pass not far from where we'll be standing du musst sowieso ganz in der Nähe von wo wir stehen vorbei;the planes \passed noisily overhead die Flugzeuge donnerten vorbei ( fam)the bullet \passed between her shoulder blades die Kugel ging genau zwischen ihren Schulterblättern durch; ( fig)a momentary look of anxiety \passed across his face für einen kurzen Moment überschattete ein Ausdruck der Besorgnis seine Miene;to \pass unnoticed unbemerkt bleiben, überhaupt nicht auffallen;the road \passes under the railway line die Straße führt unter einer Eisenbahnbrücke hindurch2) ( enter) eintreten, hereinkommen;may I \pass? kann ich hereinkommen?;that helps prevent fats \passing into the bloodstream das verhindert, dass Fette in die Blutbahn gelangen;they shall not \pass! sie werden nicht durchkommen! (Kampfruf der Antifaschisten)3) ( go away) vergehen, vorübergehen, vorbeigehen;it'll soon \pass das geht schnell vorbei;I felt a bit nauseous, but the mood \passed mir war ein bisschen schlecht, aber es war gleich wieder vorbei4) ( change)wax \passes from solid to liquid when you heat it beim Erhitzen wird festes Wachs flüssig;the water \passes from a liquid state to a solid state when frozen Wasser wird fest, wenn es gefriert5) ( move into)gradually all these English words have \passed into the German language mit der Zeit sind all diese englischen Wörter in die deutsche Sprache eingegangen6) ( exchange)no words have \passed between us since our divorce seit unserer Scheidung haben wir kein einziges Wort miteinander gewechselt;the looks \passing between them suggested they had a very close relationship die Blicke, die sie miteinander wechselten, ließen darauf schließen, dass sie sich sehr nahe standen;greetings were always \passed between them, despite their mutual animosity obwohl sie sich gegenseitig nicht ausstehen konnten, grüßten sie sich immerhe's a good player but he should \pass more er ist ein guter Spieler, aber er sollte den Ball auch öfter einmal den anderen zuspielenafter taking his driving test four times he \passed at the fifth attempt last week nachdem er viermal durch die Fahrprüfung gefallen war, bestand er sie letzte Woche beim fünften Anlaufthe resolution was \passed unanimously die Resolution wurde einstimmig angenommen;‘motion \passed by a clear majority,’ said the speaker of the house „Antrag mit deutlicher Mehrheit angenommen“, sagte der Parlamentspräsidentthe evening \passed without any great disasters der Abend verlief ohne größere Zwischenfälle;time seems to \pass so slowly when you're in school wenn man in der Schule ist, scheint die Zeit unheimlich langsam zu vergehen;I saw that I had let a golden opportunity \pass ich merkte, dass ich eine wirklich einmalige Gelegenheit ungenutzt hatte verstreichen lassen;for a moment she thought he was going to kiss her, but the moment \passed einen kurzen Augenblick lang dachte sie, er würde sie küssen - aber dieser Moment verstrich, und nichts geschah;what's happened here? - I'll have to \pass, I don't know either was ist denn hier passiert? - fragen Sie mich nicht, ich weiß es auch nicht;\pass - I don't know the answer ich passe - ich weiß es nicht;the second contestant \passed on four questions der zweite Wettbewerbsteilnehmer musste bei vier Fragen passen;to \pass on sth auf etw akk verzichten;thanks, but I think I'll \pass on the chocolates since I'm dieting danke, aber ich verzichte lieber auf die Pralinen, weil ich eine Diät macheI really want to go to the film, but I don't think I'd \pass as 18 ich will den Film unbedingt sehen, aber die glauben mir nie, dass ich 18 bin;do you think this non-matching jacket and trousers could \pass as a suit? meinst du, ich kann diese Jacke und die Hose als Anzug anziehen, obwohl sie nicht zusammengehören?;they recruited somebody they hoped would \pass as a German in the film für den Film haben sie jemanden engagiert, von dem sie hoffen, dass er als Deutscher durchgeht -
2 rig
1. буровая установка, буровой агрегат, буровая вышка2. приспособление; устройство; аппаратура3. оборудование; установка || оборудовать; устанавливать4. оснастка; снаряжение || оснащатьsubmersible pipe alignment rig — погружная установка для центровки труб (для подводной сварки, стыковки труб при строительстве трубопровода или ремонте)
— oil rig— rig down— rig out— rig up— well rig
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1. буровая установка, буровой агрегат, буровая вышка2. приспособление; устройство; аппаратура3. оборудование; установка || оборудовать; устанавливать4. оснастка; снаряжение || оснащатьall-hydraulic rotary drilling rig — буровая установка вращательного бурения с гидравлическим управлением
back-in self-propelled workover rig — самоходная установка для капитального ремонта скважин с вышкой, смонтированной сзади
carrier-mounted all-hydraulic operated drill rig — гидравлическая пневмоколёсная самоходная буровая установка
drive-in self-propelled workover rig — самоходная установка для капитального ремонта скважин с вышкой, смонтированной спереди
multipurpose top-head drive drilling rig — многоцелевая буровая установка с поверхностным приводом забойной компоновки
submersible pipe alignment rig — погружная установка для центровки труб (для подводной сварки, стыковки труб при строительстве трубопровода или ремонте)
surface hydraulic percussive drill rig — установка бурения с верхним ударником и гидравлическим приводом
to mobilize a drilling rig — передислоцировать буровую установку;
to move a drilling rig in — доставлять буровую установку на буровую площадку;
to move a drilling rig out — вывозить буровую установку с буровой площадки;
— mine rig— oil rig— test rig— well rig
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1.буровая установка; станок, буровой агрегат..2.
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буровая установка, станок, буровой агрегат
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1) буровая установка ( включая вышку); буровой станок; буровой агрегат, буровая вышка3) приспособление; устройство; аппаратура5) оборудование; установка || оборудовать•rig on location — буровая установка на буровой площадке;
rig skidded — буровая установка, снятая со скважины;
to rig a derrick — монтировать оборудование на вышке;
to rig down — демонтировать буровую установку;
to mobilize a drilling rig — перемещать буровую установку;
to move a drilling rig — перемещать буровую установку;
to move a drilling rig from one location of another — перемещать буровую установку с одной точки бурения на другую;
to move a drilling rig in — доставлять буровую установку на буровую площадку;
to move a drilling rig out — вывозить буровую установку с буровой площадки;
to rig out — демонтировать, разбирать;
to relocate drilling rig — перемещать буровую установку;
to shut down drilling rig — останавливать буровую установку;
to skid drilling rig — перемещать буровую установку;
- active drilling rigto skid the rig — перемещать буровой станок на новую точку;
- air rig
- air-controlled drilling rig
- airlift drilling rig
- all-hydraulic maneuvered drill rig
- all-hydraulic rotary drilling rig
- Arctic drilling rig
- automatic drilling rig
- back-in self-propelled workover rig
- bar rig
- blasthole drill rig
- bob-tail rig
- boring rig
- bottom-supported drilling rig
- bucket rig
- building rig
- cable rig
- cable-tool rig
- Canadian pole-tool rig
- cantilever mast drilling rig
- carrier rig
- carrier-mounted all-hydraulic operated drill rig
- churn-drilling rig
- cold weather rig
- combination drilling rig
- completion rig
- consolidated rig
- convertible propelled drilling rig
- core-drilling rig
- crawler drilling rig
- deep drilling rig
- derrick rod and tubing rig
- diamond drilling rig
- diesel rig
- diesel-electrical drilling rig
- diesel-hydraulical drilling rig
- diesel-mechanical drilling rig
- diesel-power drilling rig
- drilling rig
- drive rig
- drive-in self-propelled workover rig
- dual drill rig
- electrical drilling rig
- excavator-attachment drilling rig
- exploratory oil rig
- fixed drilling rig
- four boom rig
- gas electrical rig
- gas-turbine drilling rig
- helicopter transportable rig
- hydraulic crawler drilling rig
- hydraulic drill rig
- hydraulic top hammer percussive rig
- hydro-drill rig
- jacket-type production rig
- jackknife rig
- jackknife drilling rig
- jack-up drilling rig
- jack-up service rig
- jumbo drill rig
- land drilling rig
- large-section drilling rig
- laser blasthole rotary rig
- light drilling rig
- maintenance rig
- makeshift drilling rig
- marine rig
- marine drilling rig
- mast-type drilling rig
- mat jack-up rig
- mechanical rig
- mine rig
- mobile drilling rig
- mobile offshore exploring rig
- mobile production rig
- modular drilling rig
- monopod drilling rig
- multipass big hole rig
- multiple-drill rig
- multipurpose top-head drive drilling rig
- offshore drilling rig
- offshore exploring rig
- offshore jack-up service rig
- offshore mobile exploration rig
- oil rig
- packaged rig
- percussion drilling rig
- percussive-rotary drill rig
- pile-mounted drilling rig
- piling drilling rig
- pneumatic crawler drill rig
- portable rig
- portable drilling rig
- posthole rig
- power rig
- prospecting drilling rig
- pumping rig
- quadruple rig
- raise drill rig
- raise mining rig
- reverse rig
- rod-tool rig
- rotary rig
- rotary drilling rig
- rotary percussive rig
- rotary well drilling rig
- seabed drilling rig
- seabed soil sampling rig
- seafloor foundation drilling rig
- self-contained drilling rig
- self-elevating drilling rig
- self-propelled drilling rig
- self-propelled workover rig
- semiautomatic drilling rig
- semisubmersible catamaran drilling rig
- service rig
- ship drilling rig
- shothole rig
- skid rig
- skid-mounted drilling rig
- slant drilling rig
- slim-hole rig
- small-section drilling rig
- sound-proof drilling rig
- spider-web rig
- split-level rig
- spring-pole rig
- spring-pole drilling rig
- standard rig
- steam drilling rig
- stop rig of overshot
- submersible drilling rig
- submersible pipe alignment rig
- surface rig
- surface hydraulic percussive drill rig
- test rig
- three-boom rig
- top-hammer rig
- top-head drilling rig
- track-mounted all-hydraulic drill rig
- trailer-mounted drilling rig
- truck-mounted drilling rig
- turnbuckle rig
- twin-boom drill rig
- ultradeep drilling rig
- unitized drilling rig
- wash-boring rig
- well rig
- well-service rig
- well-workover rig
- wildcat drilling rig
- workover rig* * * -
3 course
1) направление; курс; течение2) ряд (каменной кладки, черепичной кровли)3) водоток, русловой поток4) слой5) путь6) геод. направление и длина линии8) класть (ряд кирпичей, черепицы)•- course of construction - course of crystallization - course of diagonal bricks - course of headers - course of masonry - course of stretchers - course of timber - asphalt binder course - backing course - backup course - band course - barge course - base course - bed course - bedding course - belt course - binder course - binding course - blocking course - bond course - bonder course - bottom course - brick course - brick-on-edge course - brick-on-end course - brick soldier course - completion of a course - corbel course - creasing course - cushion course - damp-proof course - dog-tooth course - double course - footing course - golf course - grade course - half-stone course in a vault - header course - lacing course - last course of bricks - levelling course - lintel course - oversailing course - penetration surface course - plinth course - race course - ring course - seal course - shaping course - sill course - soldier course - split course - stretching course - string course - surface course - training course - tumbling course - upper course - verge course - water course - wearing course* * *1. (горизонтальный) ряд (напр. кладки)2. ход (поршня и т. п.); пробег; путь3. слой (гравия и т. п.)4. курс, маршрут, трасса5. водоток; русловый поток6. геод. направление линии7. азимут и длина линии- course of bricks
- course of headers
- course of timber
- advanced building technology course
- anti-frost heavy course
- band course
- barge course
- base course
- bedding course
- belting course
- belt course
- binder course
- blocking course
- bonder course
- bond course
- brick-on-edge course
- brick-on-end course
- brickwork course
- corbel course
- damp-proof course
- double course
- eaves course
- first course
- footing course
- header course
- intake belt course
- lacing course
- last course of bricks
- leveling course
- lintel course
- margin course
- oversailing course
- percolation course
- racking course
- regulating course
- ridge course
- shaping course
- soldier course
- stretcher course
- string course
- surface course
- toothing course
- upright course
- verge course
- waterproofing course
- wearing course -
4 additive
компонент; присадка; добавка (напр., ускорителя в тампонажный или буровой раствор)
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добавка; присадка (соединение, которое добавляют к большему объёму другого соединения для изменения характеристик последнего; в нефтяной промышленности добавки используются в смазках, топливе, буровом и цементном растворах)
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компонент; присадка; добавка (напр. ускорителя в тампонажный или буровой раствор)- antidecomposition additive
- antifoaming additive
- antiicing additive
- antiknock additive
- antirust additive
- bridging additive
- bulk additive
- cement additive
- cement contamination additive
- cetane additive
- completion fluid additive
- drilling mud additive
- drilling mud filtration additive
- fluid loss additive
- fuel additive
- gasoline additive
- light weight additive
- lost circulation additive
- mud additive
- nitrate additive
- oil additive
- reverse-wetting additive
- water-reactive additive
- wear-preventive additive
- wear-proof additive
- wear-resistant additive
- weighting additive* * *• добавка• присадкаАнгло-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > additive
-
5 gas
12 n (AmE)AUTO nafta f (AmL), gasolina f (Esp)CHEM gas mCOAL grisú mHEAT ENG gas mMINE grisú mP&R gasolina f (Esp), nafta f (AmL)PETR TECH gas m, gasolina f (Esp), nafta f (AmL)PETROL nafta f (AmL), gas m, gasolina f (Esp)PHYS, REFRIG gas mTHERMO gas m, grisú m, gasolina f (Esp), nafta f (AmL)VEH gasolina f (Esp), nafta f (AmL) -
6 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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